THE ROUTLEDGE ATLAS OF THE

ARAB–ISRAELI CONFLICT

A POWERFUL VISUAL HISTORY OF THE
ARAB–ISRAELI CONFLICT

‘Because the cartographic format of the book is so straightforward, readers of any level of sophistication or interest can benefit. An excellent primer.’

Library Journal

‘Each map includes precise explanatory data. A basic appendage to any analysis of Middle East history and politics.’

Middle East Review

‘This is a very thorough history. The great advantage of presenting history through maps is the unusual clarity it brings to the most complex issues. I would recommend that anyone troubled by the conflicting claims of both sides in this bitter struggle study the book closely. Just look and you’ll learn a lot, without polemics or manifestos to confuse the issue.’

Jerusalem Post Magazine

The Routledge Atlas of the Arab–Israeli Conflict traces the tangled and sometimes bitter history of the Arab–Jewish struggle from the early twentieth century to the present. It also illustrates the current moves towards finding peace, and the efforts to bring the conflict to an end through negotiation and agreed boundaries. In 227 maps, the evolving history of the conflict is graphically portrayed, including:

•     The prelude and background to the conflict – from the presence of Jews in Palestine before the Arab conquest to the attitude of Britain to the Arabs and Jews since 1915

•     The Jewish national home – from the early Jewish settlements and the Zionist plan for Palestine in 1919 to the involvement of the Arab world from 1945 to the present day

•     The intensification of the conflict – from the Arab response to the United Nations partition plan of November 1947 to the declaration of Israeli independence in May 1948

•     The State of Israel – from the Israeli War of Independence and the Suez and Six Day Wars to the October War (the Yom Kippur War), the first and second Intifadas, the suicidebomb campaign, the Israel–Hezbollah War of 2006, Operation Cast Lead against the Gaza Strip in 2009, the Gaza Flotilla of 2010 and Nakba Day 2011

•     The moves to find peace – from the first and second Camp David talks and the death of Yasser Arafat to the continuing search for peace, including the Annapolis Conference, 2007, the work of the Quartet Emissary Tony Blair, 2007–2011, and the ongoing Palestinian search for statehood.

Sir Martin Gilbert is one of the leading historians of the modern world. An Honorary Fellow of Merton College, Oxford – of which he was a fellow for thirty years – he is the official biographer of Churchill and the author of eighty-four books, among them Churchill: A Life and Israel: A History. For more information please visit www.martingilbert.com

BOOKS BY MARTIN GILBERT

The Routledge Atlas of American History

The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict

The Routledge Atlas of British History

The Routledge Atlas of the First World War

The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust

The Appeasers (with Richard Gott)

The European Powers, 1900–1945

The Roots of Appeasement

Children’s Illustrated Bible Atlas

Atlas of British Charities

The Holocaust: Maps and Photographs

The Jews of Arab Lands: Their History in Maps

The Jews of Russia: Their History in Maps

Sir Horace Rumbold: Portrait of a Diplomat

Jerusalem: Rebirth of a City

Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century

Exile and Return: The Struggle for Jewish Statehood

Israel: A History

The Story of Israel

Auschwitz and the Allies

The Jews of Hope: The Plight of Soviet Jewry Today

Shcharansky: Hero of Our Time

The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy

Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction

The Boys: Triumph over Adversity

The First World War

Somme: The Heroism and Horror of War

THE CHURCHILL BIOGRAPHY

Volume III: The Challenge of War, 1914–1916

Document Volume III (in two parts)

Volume IV: World in Torment, 1917–1922

Document Volume IV (in three parts)

Volume V: The Coming of War, 1922–1939

Document Volume V: The Exchequer Years,1922–1929

Document Volume V: The Wilderness Years,1929–1935

Document Volume V: The Coming of War,1936–1939

EDITIONS OF DOCUMENTS

Britain and Germany between the Wars

Plough My Own Furrow: The Life of Lord

Allen of Hurtwood

Servant of India: Diaries of the Viceroy’s Private

Secretary, 1905–1910

The Routledge Historical Atlas of Jerusalem

The Routledge Atlas of Jewish History

The Routledge Atlas of Russian History

The Routledge Atlas of the Second World War

The Second World War

D-Day

The Day the War Ended

Empires in Conflict: A History of the Twentieth Century, 1900–1933

Descent into Barbarism: A History of the Twentieth Century, 1934–1951

Challenge to Civilization: A History of the Twentieth Century, 1952–1999

Never Again: A History of the Holocaust

The Jews in the Twentieth Century: An Illustrated History

Letters to Auntie Fori: The 5,000-Year History of the Jewish People and Their Faith

The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust

In Ishmael’s House: the 1,400-Year History of Jews under Muslim Rule

In Search of Churchill

Churchill and America

Churchill and the Jews

The Will of the People: Churchill and Parliamentary Democracy

Volume VI: Finest Hour, 1939–1941

Churchill War Papers I: At the Admiralty,September 1939–May 1940

Churchill War Papers II: Never Surrender,May–December 1940

Churchill War Papers III: The Ever-Widening War, 1941

Volume VII: Road to Victory, 1941–1945

Volume VIII: Never Despair, 1945–1965

Churchill: A Photographic Portrait

Churchill: A Life

Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary of Avraham Tory

Winston Churchill and Emery Reves:Correspondence 1937–1964

THE ROUTLEDGE ATLAS OF THE

ARAB–ISRAELI CONFLICT

10th Edition

Martin Gilbert

Tenth edition published 2012

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2012 Martin Gilbert

The right of Martin Gilbert to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

First edition published as The Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
by Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1974
Ninth edition published by Routledge 2008

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Gilbert, Martin, 1936–

[Atlas of the Arab–Israeli conflict]

The Routledge atlas of the Arab–Israeli conflict / Martin Gilbert. —
10th ed.

p. cm.

1. Arab–Israeli conflict—Maps. 2. Jewish–Arab relations—Maps.

3. Palestine—Historical geography—Maps. I. Title. II. Title: Atlas of the Arab–Israeli conflict.

G2236.S1G52 2012

911'.56—dc23

2011044185

ISBN: 978-0-415-69975-4 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-415-69976-1 (pbk)

Preface to the tenth edition

In this atlas I have traced the history of the Arab–Jewish conflict from the end of the nineteenth century to the present day. I have tried to show something of the nature and range of the conflict, of the types of incidents that it provoked, and of the views of those involved in it.

Many of the maps in this atlas depict wars, conflict and violence, which have brought terrible suffering to all those caught up in them – Jew and Arab, Israeli and Palestinian, soldier and civilian, adult and child. But there are also maps that show the various attempts to bring the conflict to an end, through proposals for agreed boundaries, through the signing of cease-fire agreements, and through negotiations. No maps can show how peace will come, but they do show how much it is needed.

The origins and earlier course of the conflict are often overshadowed in the public mind by the events of the past decade. It is my hope that, seen as a whole, this atlas will help to clarify the conflict throughout its long span.

Thirty-seven years have passed since the first edition of this atlas was published in the immediate aftermath of the October War of 1973. At that time I was by chance in Israel, and witnessed, for one day, the fighting on the Golan Heights. Since then, two wars in Lebanon, two Palestinian uprisings, suicide bombings, terror, targeted assassinations, the continuing Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Israeli settlement building there, the rule of Hamas in the Gaza Strip and the rockets fired from Gaza, the Security Barrier (‘The Wall’), and – an integral part of daily discourse – a belief by many on both sides that the other side does not want peace, have become the harsh realities of the Arab–Israeli conflict.

The twenty-two new maps in this edition deal in equal measure with the continuing conflict, and the ongoing, if sometimes halting, efforts to resolve it. Four maps look at the impact of the Gaza Strip, while ruled by Hamas, on the continuing conflict. Three maps focus on the Israeli Arabs (almost 20% of Israel’s population), and joint Israeli–Jewish and Israeli–Arab projects for coexistence. Two maps – of ‘The Swap’ and the Jordan Valley – look at disputes over territory. Eight maps look at the various negotiations and proposals between 2006 and 2011 for a peaceful resolution of the conflict.

As we move into the second decade of the twenty-first century, I dedicate this edition to all those, Palestinians and Israelis alike, who seek a peaceful and constructive outcome to the efforts being made on both sides, and by international mediators, to create two independent sovereign States – Israel and Palestine – living side by side, sharing a fertile land and mutual hopes of peace and prosperity for all.

18 November 2011

MARTIN GILBERT

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to those who have helped me in my search for material for this new edition, which is being published thirty-eight years after the first edition. The thirty-two new maps of the eighth edition, the eighteen new maps of the ninth edition, and the twenty-two new maps of this tenth edition, have benefited from material sent to me by Dorothy Harman of the Peres Center for Peace; by Itzik Shanan of the New Israel Fund, and June Jacobs; by the Israeli Foreign Defence Ministries; by the Abraham Fund Initiatives; and by B’tselem, the Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories. Special thanks and due to Enid Wurtman for her persistent efforts in tracking down obscure facts, and to Tim Aspden, who, from my own rough notes and sketches, has once again created maps of the highest standard.

Maps

PART ONE: PRELUDE TO CONFLICT

1   The Jews of Palestine before the Arab Conquest, 1000 BC–636 AD

2   The Jews of Palestine, 636 AD to 1880

3   Jewish Settlement in Palestine, 1880–1914

4   Arab–Jewish Conflict under Turkish Rule, 1882–1914

5   Britain’s Promise to the Arabs, 1915

6   The Allied Plan for Palestine, May 1916

7   Britain and the Arabs, 1917–1971

PART TWO: THE JEWISH NATIONAL HOME

8   Britain and the Jewish National Home: Pledges and Border Changes, 1917–1923

9   The Zionist Plan for Palestine, February 1919

10   Arab–Jewish Conflict in 1920

11   Arab–Jewish Conflict in 1921

12   The Jewish Settlements in the Valley of Jezreel, 1921–1925

13   The Anti-Jewish Riots of 1929

14   European Anti-Semitism, 1917–1933

15   The Jewish Flight from Persecution, 1933–1941

16   Arab Fears of a Jewish Majority in Palestine, 1920–1939

17   Roads and Riots in Palestine, 1921–1947

18   The Arab Campaign of 1936: The First Month

19   The Arab Campaign of 1936: The Second Month

20   The Arab Campaign of 1936: The Third Month

21   The Arab Campaign of 1936: The Climax

22   The Peel Commission Partition Plan, July 1937

23   The Proposed Jewish State A Territorial Comparison

24   Arab–Jewish Conflict in 1937

25   Arab–Jewish Conflict in 1938

26   A Jewish Proposal for Partition, 1938

27   A British Plan for Partition, 1938

28   The Jews of Europe, 1937–1941

29   The Voyage of the St Louis, May–June 1939: The Jewish Search for Refuge

30   The Search for Safety, 1933–1945

31   Jewish Settlements and Immigration, 1931–1942

32   British Restrictions on Jewish LandPurchase, 1940

33   The Extermination of Jews, 1941–1945

34   The Arab World, 1945–1962

35   The Jewish Agency’s Partition Plan, August 1946

36   The United Nations Partition Plan, 1947

PART THREE: THE CONFLICT INTENSIFIES

37   The Immediate Response to the UnitedNations Partition Plan, 30 November–11 December 1947

38   Arab Attacks and the Jewish Reaction, 12–23 December 1947

39   Arab Attacks and the Jewish Reaction, 24–31 December 1947

40   Israel: Prelude to Independence, January 1948

41   Israel: Prelude to Independence, February 1948

42   Israel: Prelude to Independence, March 1948

43   The Battle for the Jerusalem Roads, 1 April–14 May 1948

44   Israel: Prelude to Independence, 1 April–14 May 1948

PART FOUR: THE STATE OF ISRAEL

45   The Arab Invasion of the State of Israel, 15 May 1948

46   The Israeli War of Independence, 1948–1949

47   The Arab Refugees, 1948

48   Jewish Refugees to Israel from Arab Lands, May 1948–May 1972

49   Jewish Refugees and Immigrants from Europe, 15 May 1948–31 December1970

50   The Frontiers of the State of Israel, 1949–1967

51   Jerusalem: Divided City, 1948–1967

52   Israel’s Sense of Insecurity, 1949–1967

53   Central Israel and the Jordan Border, 1949–1967

54   The Arab Refugees, 1949–1967

55   The Arabs of Northern Israel

56   Northern Israel and the Golan Heights, 1949–1967

57   Israeli Nahal Settlements, 1951–1967

58   Terrorist Raids into Israel, 1951–1956

59   The Israeli Response to Terror, 1951–1966

60   The Changing Balance of Power in theArab World, 1953–1973

61   The Sinai Campaign, October–November 1956

62   The Israeli Withdrawal from Sinai, March 1957

63   Syrian Activity against Israeli Settlements, February–October 1966

64   Syrian Activity against Israeli Settlements, January–April 1967

65   The Middle East Crisis, 14–24 May 1967

66   The Middle East Crisis, 25–30 May 1967

67   The Middle East Crisis, 31 May–5 June 1967

68   Israeli Conquests, 1967

69   The Israeli Conquest of the Golan Heights, June 1967

PART FIVE: AFTER THE SIX DAY WAR

70   The Golan Heights, 1967–1973

71   The Gaza Strip: A Base for Terror, 1967–1972

72   Terrorist Activity against Israel, 1967–1968

73   Israeli Security Measures and the Jordan Valley, 1967–1970

74   The West Bank under Israeli Military Administration, 1967–

75   Lebanon: A Base for Terror, 1968–1973

76   Jordan: A Base for Terror, 1968–1971

77   The War of Attrition, 1969–1970

78   Terrorism inside Israel, some examples, 1969–1972

79   Palestinian Terrorism beyond Israel, 1969–1972

80   Syria: A Base for Terror, 1971–1973

81   Israeli Raids against Terrorist Bases, September–October 1972

82   Soviet Arms Supplies to the Middle East, 1970–1973

PART SIX: THE YOM KIPPUR WAR

83   The Build-up to War, 1972–1973

84   Palestinian Terrorism beyond Israel, 1973

85   European Dependence on Arab Oil, January–June 1973

86   Arab Oil Pressure, September–November 1973

87   The Balance of Forces on the Morning of 6 October 1973

88   The October War, 6–24 October 1973

89   Israel at War, 6–24 October 1973

90   Northern Israel and the War, 6–24 October 1973

91   The Jews of Syria, 1936–1975

92   Middle East Arms Supplies: Scud

93   The Egyptian Front at the Cease Fire of 24 October 1973

94   The Syrian Front at the Cease Fire of 24 October 1973

95   Israeli and Egyptian Disengagement Proposals, November 1973

96   The Israeli–Syria Disengagement Agreement, 31 May 1974

97   The Arab–Israeli Conflict: Aims and Opinions, November 1973–March 1974

98   The Second Sinai Agreement, 1 September 1975

99   Terrorism inside Israel, 1974

100   Terrorism inside Israel, 1975

101   Military Supplies to the Middle East, 1973–1975

102   Middle East Contributions to Arab Military Preparedness, 1974–1975

103   States Condemning Zionism, 10 November 1975

104   States Refusing to Condemn Zionism, 10   November 1975

105   World Aid to Palestinian Arab Refugees, 1950–1974

PART SEVEN: CAMP DAVID AND AFTER

106   Israel and the Sinai, 1975–1978

107   Israel, the P.L.O., and the Lebanon, 1976–1978

108   The Path to an Egyptian–Israeli Agreement, 1973–1978

109   Camp David, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip

110   Camp David and the Sinai, September 1978

111   The Arab World and the Camp David Agreements

112   Islamic Fundamentalism since 1979

113   The Balance of Forces in the Lebanon, 1981

114   Civilians Killed and Wounded in Terrorist Attacks, January 1980–October 1982

115   The Israeli Withdrawal from Sinai, 1979–1982

116   The Gaza District, 1967–1983

117   Israeli Settlements in Judaea, 1967–1983

118   The West Bank: Comparative Sizes

119   Israeli Settlements in Samaria, 1967–1983

120   The Golan Heights, 1967–1983

121   The Arab Boycott of Companies Trading with Israel

122   Middle East Arms Recipients, 1984–1988

123   Middle East Arms Suppliers: total sales, 1984–1988

124   The War in Lebanon, 6 June–21 August 1982

125   Sabra and Chatila, 16–17 September 1982

126   Israel Withdraws to the Awali, 3 September 1983

127   Israel and the Lebanon, 1985–1991

128   Israel and Africa, 1967–1991

129   The West Bank, 1967–1991

130   The Intifada, 1987–1991

131   The Palestinian Refugees by 1989

132   Israel, the Aerial Threat, and the Gulf War

133   Jewish Immigration and Soviet Jews, 1989–1991

134   The West Bank and Jewish Immigration, 1990–1991

135   The Allon Plan and Jewish Settlements, 1970–1990

136   The Population of Israel, 1991

137   Jerusalem since 1967

138   The Intifada Continues, 28   February–12 March 1991

139   James Baker’s First Journey, 8–14 March 1991

140   The Intifada, February 1992

141   Middle East Peace Talks, October 1991–May 1992

142   Reviving the Peace Process, June–August 1992

143   The Intifada Intensifies, 1 November–17 December 1992

144   The December 1992 Deportation and its Aftermath

145   ‘Enclaves for Peace’, the Bailey Map, 1 February 1993

146   Warren Christopher’s First Journey, 19–23 February 1993

147   Peace and Terror, September 1993–April 1995

148   The Cairo Agreement of 4 May 1994

149   President Clinton’s Middle East Journey, 26–28 October 1994

150   The Treaty of Peace between Israel and Jordan, 26 October 1994

151   Oslo: The Israeli–Palestinian Interim Agreement

152   Targeted Killings of Israelis, September 2000–December 2001

153   Suicide Bombings in 2001

154   Targeted Assassinations, 2001

155   Negotiations for a Final Settlement, 2000–2001

156   The Separation Barrier, begun September 2002

157   The Israeli High Court of Justice and the Wall

158   The Separation Barrier: Northern section

159   The Separation Barrier: Southern section

160   Israeli Outposts on the West Bank: North of Jerusalem

161   Israeli Outposts on the West Bank: South of Jerusalem

162   Suicide Bombings, 2002

163   Targeted Killings of Israelis, 2002

164   Targeted Assassination of Palestinians, 2002

165   Targeted Killings of Israelis, 2003

166   Suicide Bombings, 2003–2004

167   Targeted Assassination of Palestinians, 2003

168   Sixteen Days in September 2004: i

169   Sixteen Days in September 2004: ii

170   Settlements in the Gaza Strip Evacuated, 2005

171   Forty-eight Hours of Terror, 6–7 October 2004

172   The New Israel Fund: Projects in Arab Towns

173   Avenues of Co-operation: Project ‘COPE’

174   The Peres Center for Peace since 1996

175   The Peres Center for Peace: Avenues of Israeli–Palestinian Co-operation, 2004

176   The Peres Center for Peace: European Projects, January–June 2004

177   The Peres Center for Peace: European Projects, July–December 2004

178   The Peres Peace Center and the Jerusalem Region

179   Viewpoints Theatre: An Israeli–Palestinian Joint Venture

180   The Palestinian and Israeli Presence in Samaria

181   The Palestinian and Israeli Presence in Judaea

182   The Palestinian and Israeli Presence in the Jerusalem and Dead Sea Area

183   Jerusalem: Palestinian and Israeli Neighbourhoods

184   Industrial Parks and a New Era

185   The Death of Arafat and the Peace Process

186   Territorial Changes: Proposals for a Settlement, January 2005

187   The Search for Agreement, February–April 2005

188   Israeli Settlement Expansion, 1996–2005

189   Israeli Terror Victims, 2005–2007

190   Palestinian Women’s Martyrdom and its Aftermath, 2002–2007

191   The Gaza Strip: The Unremitting Confrontation, 2004–2007

192   Suicide Bombings and the Security Barrier (‘The Wall’), 2001–2008

193   The West Bank: Checkpoints and Closed Areas, 2007

194   The Israel–Hezbollah War, 2006: Israel

195   The Israel–Hezbollah War, 2006: Lebanon

196   Israel’s United Nations’ Shield: Southern Lebanon, from October 2006

197   The Continuing Search for Israeli–Palestinian Goodwill, 2007

198   Palestinian Refugees, 1948–2008

199   Palestinian Refugees, 1948–2008: West Bank

200   The Annapolis Conference, 2007: Global Participants

201   The Annapolis Conference, 2007: Arab and Muslim Regional Participants

202   The Road to Annapolis, 2005–2007: Eleven Steps

203   Annapolis and Beyond, First Steps to Agreement, November 2007–January 2008

204   The Top Eleven Donors to the Palestinian Authority, 2008

205   The Portland Trust: Projects in Israel and the Palestinan Territories

206   ‘The Swap’: The Continuing Search for a Negotiated Agreement, 2006–2010

207   Israeli Women Observers at Israeli Roadblocks, 2001–2011

208   Gilad Shalit in Captivity, 25 June 2006–18 October 2011

209   Syria’s Nuclear Facility Destroyed, 6 September 2007

210   Israeli Civilians Killed by Rocket Fire from the Gaza Strip, 2007–2008

211   Operation Cast Lead: Israel’s Armed Incursion into Gaza, 3–18 January 2009

212   Palestinian Acts of Terror, 2008–2011

213   The Gaza Naval Flotilla, 31 May 2010

214   Continuing Rocket Fire from the Gaza Strip, 2009–2011

215   Nakba Day, 15 May 2011

216   The Israeli Arab Minority

217   Israeli Arabs and Israeli Jews: A Joint Schools Project, 2010–2011

218   Israeli Arabs and Israeli Jews: Projects for Reconciliation, 2000–2011

219   The Jordan Valley, 1948–2011

220   The Halting Search for a Negotiated Agreement, 2010–2011

221   The United Nations and a Palestinian State, 23 September 2011

222   Tony Blair: The Quartet and Israel/Palestine, 2007–2011

223   Tony Blair’s Quartet Journeys, 2007–2011

224   Joint Palestinian–Israeli Public Protests, 2009–2011

225   The Palestinian Authority Becomes a Full Member of UNESCO, 31 October 2011

226   The Iranian Dimension, 2011–2012

227   Talks and Setbacks, September–November 2011